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José María Teclo Morelos y Pavón () (September 30, 1765, City of Valladolid, now Morelia, Michoacán – December 22, 1815,〔Dates and other biographical information in this article are drawn from ''Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography'' 1887-89.〕 San Cristóbal Ecatepec, State of México) was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary rebel leader who led the Mexican War of Independence movement, assuming its leadership after the execution of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1811. He was captured by the Spanish royalist military, tried by the Inquisition, defrocked as a cleric, and executed by civil authorities for treason in 1815. ==Life and career== Morelos was born in Valladolid, since renamed "Morelia" in his honor, to a humble family of indigenous, and Spanish descent (a mestizo).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72 )〕 Although Morelos was classified as an ''español'' in the baptismal register,〔Guedea, "José María Morelos", p. 948〕 a system in which the Catholic Church kept separate registers for different legal racial categories in the casta system of racial hierarchy, he is depicted in portraits as having a dark complexion. His father was José Manuel Morelos y Robles, a carpenter originally from Zindurio, a predominantly indigenous village a few kilometers west of Valladolid. His mother was Juana María Guadalupe Pérez Pavón, originally from San Juan Bautista de Apaseo, also near Valladolid. Valladolid was the seat of a bishop and of the government of the colonial Intendency of Valladolid. It was known as the "Garden of the Viceroyalty of New Spain" because of its prosperity. Through his paternal line, Morelos was related to Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. Both insurgents shared a common ancestor, Diego Ruiz de Cortés, who was a descendant of the conquistador Hernán Cortés.〔 Hidalgo was the descendant of Ruiz de Cortés through his mother, Ana María Gallaga.〔 Morelos may have worked as a muleteer (''arriero'') in the area where he fought in the insurgency, on the ground experience of the terrain that would be valuable.〔 He is also said to have worked on a rancho rented (rather than owned) by his uncle for nearly ten years.〔Enrique Krauze, ''Mexico: Biography of Power''. New York: HarperCollins 1997, p. 103.〕 Morelos had ambitions for something more than working with his hands, and assiduously studied; his maternal grandfather was a school teacher.〔Krauze, ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', p. 105.〕 In 1789, he enrolled in the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in Valladolid, where Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was rector.〔 When he was ordained a priest, he, as with many others without connections, had no benefice to guarantee any income as a priest.〔 However, since he was a secular cleric and therefore took no vow of poverty, he could freely pursue business activities to make a living.〔 As a priest, he could not marry, but he did form a relationship with at least one woman, Brígida Almonte. He is known to have fathered three children, two sons and a daughter. His first born was Juan Nepomuceno Almonte, who played a significant role himself in Mexican history.〔Virginia Guedea, "José María Morelos" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico'', Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997, p. 948.〕 Lucas Alamán, a fierce nineteenth-century opponent of the insurgency and after independence a conservative politician and historian, asserted that Morelos "fathered various children with anonymous women of the people."〔Lucas Alamán quoted in Krauze, ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', p. 106〕 This charge of promiscuity might simply be a slur without foundation on the insurgent-priest. At Morelos's trial, the Inquisition accused him of sending his son to the United States. He testified at his trial that "while he had not been completely pristine for a priest, he had not acted in a scandalous manner" and that he had sent his son away for education and for his safety, thereby acknowledging his paternity.〔Christon I. Archer, "Death's Patriots", p. 78.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「José María Morelos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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